Analysis Of Encomium Of Helen, Dissoi Logoi, And Plato s...

Introduction One of the main differences between humans and animals is our stream of conscience. Our stream of conscience contributes to our ability to speak and form language in a powerful way, which overall contributes to the ability to function successfully within a society. Many philosophers built on the philosophies of the political atmosphere, language, and the shift from literacy (recited knowledge) to oratory (agency, ability to formulate personal thoughts and opinions). Through the analysis of various philosophical works, I will provide the basic understanding of the importance of the development of rhetoric and how it’s foundation has set the precedent for the future. In this paper I intend to explore, Gorgias Encomium of Helen,†¦show more content†¦45) and â€Å"the effect of speech is comparable to the power of drugs over the nature of bodies† (Gorgias, pg. 46). These statements imply that language is powerful, and has the ability to put the audience under the spell of persuasion to the means of the speakers end. Gorgias’s use of antithe sis, length, and rhythm made his audience not only â€Å"aroused by sensual pleasure†, but also â€Å"shared a sense of participation in a kind of wisdom available no other way† (Bizzell and Herzberg, pg. 42). This type of speech was seen as unique because language like this has never been used prior to the shift from oratory to literacy. Overall, the â€Å"Encomium of Helen† helped philosophers and rhetoricians understand rhetoric and language by (1) Gorgias demonstration of his own rhetorical wisdom/skill, (2) Offering an argument that speech is just as powerful as gods, psychical force, seduction, and the true power of love, and (3) Introduces the question of whether rhetoric itself or those who abuse rhetoric, are responsible for its moral and ethical implications. The development and change that led to the rhetorical shift Dissoi Logoi As Gorgias spread his wisdom and skill through the Encomium of Helen, other philosophers also expressed their wisdom and skill through contributing multiple perspectives to rhetoric. As other philosophers have studied rhetoric, there has been many different perspectives and criticisms that add to the complexity of

Speech Act, Genres, And Activity Systems - 1483 Words

Using Language to Set Standards How has our society come to form the guidelines and rules which we follow in our everyday lives? How are these principles set? In Charles Bazerman’s article â€Å"Speech Acts, Genres, and Activity Systems†, he gives us better insight into how our own communities (towns, cities, states, and countries) form these rules. These rules are formed via speech acts and genres. Speech acts pave the way for what genres are, and genres from the rules our community sets. Before we understand what a speech act is, we have to understand what a social fact is. A social fact, as defined by Bazerman, is something that a community considers to be true. An example being that most people accept that Elvis is dead. However, social facts are not accepted by everyone. There still might be people in the world that believe Elvis is alive, and there are also people that don’t believe Neil Armstrong went to the moon. 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The Influences of Gypsum Water-Proofing Additive on Gypsum Crystal Growth free essay sample

Such results show that organic emulsion can be adsorbed selectively on the gypsum crystal surface, inhibiting the crystal growth along axis c. Besides, anion RCOO ? , cations Na + and Al 3+ in saline water-proofing additive can be adsorbed selectively to crystal section (111) to coordinate, slowing down the growth speed along axis c, which could balance the speed in all directions and turn the crystal into a short hexahedron pole.  © 2006 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Gypsum water-proofing additive; Crystal growth; Adsorption; SEM 1. Introduction At present, all kinds of gypsum products are widely used in the building trade because of their various fine performances. How- ever, their low strength and weak performances in both water- proof and damp proof are clearly found [1]. The water-absorbing rate of the ordinary gypsum products is generally about 50%, and the intenerate coefficient is only about 0. 2 – 0. 3, so the products are easily deformed after being dampened; besides, it causes building walls to soften and rot. Those shortcomings have been greatly hampering the development of the gypsum products. For this reason, a large amount of research [1 – 7] on the water- proof performance of gypsum products has been carried out at home and abroad, and a great deal of achievements have been made. One method was to mix organic water-proofing additive agent (such as silica gel) into gypsum materials in order to reduce the water-absorbing rate of the gypsum material; another was to add cement directly into the building gypsum so that the gypsum could be transformed into a water rigid material. Unfortunately, the results of those methods were unsatisfactory. Later new ethods were tried, such as painting an organic water-proofing additive on the gypsum board or choosing a water-proof layer, but they just had a temporary effect, and failed to solve the funda- mental water-proof problem of the gypsum products. Here, a new type of gypsum water-proofing additive was crea- ted by emulsifying polyvinyl alcohol and stearic acid together, and mixing with alunite, carboxylic acid sodium, alumi nium sulfate, etc. as the saline water-proofing additive. This new water-proofing additive turned out to be quite satisfactory. It can be mixed with gypsum and water directly and causes the crystallization of the gypsum. Recently, too much attention was paid only to the water- proofing additive and the effects; researches only analyzed the reason, theory and the mechanism, ignoring the crystallization process. They omitted the influences of the gypsum water-proofing Materials Letters 61 (2007) 872 – 876 www. elsevier. com/locate/matlet ? Corresponding author. Tel. : +86 531 8276 5974. E-mail address: [emailprotected] com (G. Li). Table 1 Composition of the raw material Sample number Gypsum (g) Organic emulsion (ml) Saline water-proofing additive (g) Water (ml) 1 1200 0 0 750 2 1200 0 12 750 3 1200 60 0 690 4 1200 60 12 690 167-577X/$ see front matter  © 2006 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. doi:10. 1016/j. matlet. 2006. 06. 005 additive on the crystallization and the water-proof effect, etc. As regards to this purpose, we carried out the following research. 2. Raw materials and experiment method 2. 1. Raw materials The building gypsum produced in Shandong Pingyi Jinxin Gypsum Company of China was chosen. SO 3 holds 41. 9% and the crystal water 16. 5%, the mass ratio of water and gypsum of standard denseness is 0. 65, and the ratio surface area stands 4122 cm 2 /g. The compound gypsum water-proofing additive was pro- uced by adding saline water-proofing additive into the organic emulsion of polyvinyl alcohol, stearic acid and wax. The saline water-proofing additive was composed of alunite, carboxylic acid sodium, aluminium sulfate with the percentage of weight of 1:0. 8:0. 5. 2. 2. Experimental techniques Contradistinctive methods were employed to analyze the influences of the gypsum water-proofing additive on gypsum Fig. 1. Influences of gypsum water-proofing additive on dihydrate gypsum crystal appearances. Table 2 Performances of the samples Sample number Water- absorbing ratio Crystal appearances 2 h strength/MPa 24 h strength/MPa Bend strength Compressive strength Bend strength Compressive strength 1 41. 30% Long club shape 3. 17 6. 92 3. 78 8. 75 2 15. 96% Short pole shape 4. 05 8. 05 4. 42 9. 21 3 6. 08% Short club shape 2. 67 5. 65 3. 20 7. 35 4 3. 57% Short pole shape 3. 25 6. 49 3. 61 8. 31 873 J. Li et al. / Materials Letters 61 (2007) 872 – 876 crystal formation. The composition of the raw materials are shown in Table 1. 2. 3. Samples shaping First, weigh the raw materials according to Table 1; next, add the gypsum water-proofing additive into JSA-195 stirrer with water, and stir evenly; then pour the gypsum powder quickly nd stir for 2 min; finally pour the plaster into a triplicate model to shape by vibration. After 1 h, unmold the samples and cure in a standard conservatory. 2. 4. Experimental methods 2. 4. 1. Building gypsum performance testing Test the performances of building gypsum according to GB9776-88 in China. 2. 4. 2. Observation of gypsum crystal shape appearance Use the S-2500 scan ning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the crystal shape appearance of the original sections of the gypsum-hardened body. 2. 4. 3. Electronic energy spectrums testing The multi-functional EPS energy spectrum instrument was adopted to measure the energy and intensity of the characteristic elements on the gypsum surface before and after adsorbing the gypsum water-proofing additive, and then the features of the gypsum water-proofing additive on the gypsum surface were analyzed. 3. Experimental results and discussions 3. 1. Experimental results Table 2 shows the results of the samples made according to Table 1. The crystal of the blank sample appears as a long club shape with a water-absorbing ratio of 41. 3%. After the addition of a certain amount of saline water-proofing agent and organic emulsion respectively, the crystals turn out to be short pole shape and short club shape respectively, and the water-absorbing ratio reduced to 15. 26% and 5. 27%. Besides, the strength of the sample with saline water-proofing agent was in- creased. When those two materials were added simultaneously, the crystal became short pole shape with the water-absorbing ratio reducing to 3. 28%, and the strength reduced slightly, comparing to that of the blank sample. 3. 2. Influence of gypsum water-proofing additive on dihydrate gypsum crystal appearances Fig. 1 clearly shows the changes of the appearance of dihydrate gypsum crystals. Fig. 1(a) provides a typical kind of gypsum crystal appearance, whose needle crystal of big length – radius ratio interweaves together vertically and horizontally. After a saline water-proofing addi- tive was added, see Fig. 1(b), all gypsum crystals turned out to be a sort of short pole shape, and needle crystals can hardly be found. At that time, the crystals were thick, the structure was closely knitted, and the ratio surface area was much smaller. As a result, the improvement of gypsum-hardened body strength became possible. After organic emulsion was added, see Fig. 1(c), the surface of the crystal became rough and turned out to be a strip crystal of much smaller length – radius ratio instead of regular crystal shape. The structure between the crystals was closely knitted, and the organic emulsion spread evenly on the surface of the crystal. Fig. 1(d) provided a picture of the samples with organic emulsion and saline water-proofing additive. Due to the influences of the organic emulsion and saline water-proofing additive on the growth of the crystal, the surface of the crystal became slightly coarse, and the shape turned out to be between needle and short pole. Fig. 2. Influences of organic emulsion in different percentages on gypsum crystal appearances. 874 J. Li et al. / Materials Letters 61 (2007) 872 – 876 3. 3. Influences of organic emulsion in different percentage on gypsum crystal appearances Three different mixings of organic emulsion of 5%, 10% and 15% were respectively chosen. The changes of the gypsum crystal shape appearance as the amount of organic emulsion became different were observed. Fig. 2 shows the results. In Fig. 2, it was clearly seen that the shape appearances of dihydrate gypsum crystal changed with the amount of the organic emulsion changing. As the amount increased, the crystal shape gradually changed from slender needle to short pole, and the trans- verse size of the crystal presented the increasing trend constantly. This proved that organic emulsion inconsistently inhibited the growth of the gypsum crystal at each axis. Obviously, when the long axial growth was strongly inhibited, the relative growth rate of the short axis and the long one was gradually getting closer, and at the same time the crystal gradually turned out to be a kind of pole shape. When a large amount was mixed, the crystal nearly turned into angular cubes. 3. 4. Function mechanism of gypsum water-proofing additive 3. 4. 1. Crystal structure of dihydrate gypsum Dihydrate gypsum belongs to the monocline crystal series [1 – 4,9]. A double-layer structure with H 2 O molecule distributing between them is formed through the connection of Ca 2+ and SO 4 2 ? tetrahedron. Consequently, the layer structure forms alternatively with ion combining layers of Ca 2+ and SO 4 2 ? and that of H 2 O molecules. In different crystal axial directions, the bonding form and ability of SO 4 2 ? and Ca 2+ are consistently different. The growth rate differs greatly and different crystal sections form. In the axis c direction, SO 4 2 ? and Ca 2+ respectively have two complete bonds, which make the bonding even more stable. In addition, two free ends can form bonds, which improves the rapid growth of this crystal section. Due to the little surface area of (111), it frequently disappears. A typical double symmetrical monocline dihydrate gypsum crystal is shown in Fig. 3 [9]. The growth rate of those three crystal sections is compared: section (111)gt;section (110)gt;section (010). Additionally, elements in different sections are not the same. In (111), Ca 2+ is found, while in (110), Ca 2+ and SO 4 2 ? re found. 3. 4. 2. Function mechanism of organic emulsion It is also clearly shown in Fig. 2 that the inhibiting effect of organic emulsion on the growth speed of the gypsum crystal in each growth Fig. 5. Adsorption of RCOO ? base group. Fig. 3. Appearance of monocline dihydrate gypsum crystal. Fig. 4. Element distributing on gypsum crystal surface. 875 J. Li et al. / Materials Letters 61 (2007) 872 – 876 direction is different. The organic emulsion strongly inhibited the growth in long axis c, thus the relative growth speed in each crystal section turned out to be changed, and the crystal got short and thick. When organic emulsion was not added, dihydrate gypsum crystal in axis c grew the fastest, while that in axes a and b grew much slower. As a result, the crystal turned out to be needle shaped. Whereas, after mixing organic emulsion, the crystal in direction c got short and that in directions a and b much thicker. Furthermore, crystals became flatter and thicker as more and more organic emulsion was added. Therefore it could be inferred that it has much to do with the choice adsorption of organic emulsion. It was the choice adsorption that produced thick gypsum grain structures, which had strong hydrophobic ability. At that time, the organic emulsion arranged itself directionally on the gypsum grain surface, and the hydrophobic groups were unanimously outside toward. The water-proof goal could be achieved. To prove this further, energy spectrum EPS was adopted to analyze the changes of the elements on a gypsum surface before and after adsorption respectively. As Fig. 4 shows, quite few carbon elements (coming from organic emulsion) on the crystal surface could be found before adsorption, while after adsorption, carbon elements increased significantly. It was due to the increase of organism on gypsum crystal surface that the macro water-proof performance of gypsum could be improved. 3. 4. 3. Function mechanism of saline water-proofing additive The saline water-proofing additive used in this experiment was produced by compounding many types of organic and inorganic salt, such as Na + , Al 3+ , carboxylic acid and anion. When those salts were added, both the functions of cation and anion groups, which had strong sorption, were taken into account. For example, Fig. 5 [7 – 9] shows the selective adsorption of the additive agent to section (111). This additive agent is compounded by plural carboxylic acid anion RCOO ? and its cations Na + , Al 3+ . After the dissolution of an additive agent containing carboxylic acid salt, net structures formed in which one end of the RCOO ? base group is adsorbed and linked with Ca 2+ of crystal (111) while the other end with Al 3+ . In this way, RCOO ? of strong sorption ability could adsorb and coordinate with ions Ca 2+ and Al 3+ at the same time. As a result, nets â€Å" transitional membranes † of organic macro- molecules adsorbing metal ions formed in section (111). According to the Periodic Bond Chain theory (PBC), it was very difficult for crystal growth base units to join crystal sections which own this kind of net membranes, because those units must destroy the existing sorption bonds of the membranes before joining with crystal sections. Thus the net membranes prevented crystal base units from joining the crystal section, which slowed down the growth rate of the gypsum crystal in direction c, but accelerated that in directions a and b. At that time, the growth rate in all directions became balanced, and the products turned out to be short hexahedron pole. It could be indicated that saline water- proofing additive agglutinating on the gypsum grains reduced the solubility of the gypsum and improved the water-proof performance. Meanwhile, the thicker crystal structure, the reduced porosity and the increased joining area between the gypsum crystals made a type of gypsum of sound strength possible, which was represented as water absorbing rate reducing and strength increasing from the macro view. 3. 4. 4. Function mechanism of organic emulsion and saline water- proof acting together During the reaction of the organic emulsion and saline water- proofing additive on the gypsum, one end of RCOO base groups of the latter adsorbed and linked with the Ca 2+ of crystal section (111) while the other end reacted with Al 3+ to form a network agglutinating on section (111). In this way, a net â€Å" transitional membranes † layer of organic macromolecules adsorbing metal ions is formed, which inhibited the growth of the crystal in axis c, and the salt was adsorbed on the crystal surface which made the crystal structure more compact. Meanwhile, the organic emulsion was adsorbed on the gypsum crystal surface, which further inhibited the growth of the crystal in direction c. It also filled some non-closed gaps, making the gypsums grain structure thicker. Consequently, the gypsum surface presented strong hydrophobic ability. Still, the organic emulsion arranges directionally on the gypsums grain surface, and the hydrophobic groups were all unanimously outside toward. It could be said that the united action of organic emulsion and saline water-proofing additive can improve the water-proof performance of the gypsum and increase the strength. 4. Conclusions (1) The addition of a water-proofing additive changed the crystal shape appearance. In it the organic emulsion turned he crystal from needle shape into a short coarse stick and the saline water-proofing additive turned the crystal into a short pole. (2) Organic emulsion adsorbed selectively on the gypsum crystal surface, inhibiting the crystal growth along axis c; it arranged directionally on the crystal surface, improving the water-proof performance of the gypsum. (3) Additive agent compounded by anion R COO ? and cations Ca 2+ and Al 3+ in saline water-proofing additive can be adsorbed selectively to crystal section (111) to coordinate, slowing down the growth speed along axis c, which could balance the speed in all directions and turn he crystal into a short hexahedron pole. As a result, the water absorption rate declined and the strength increased. References [1] Guozhong Li, Jianquan Li, Ruifang Guan, Investigation of the water resistance of gypsum materials, ZKG International 56 (8,9) (2003) 87 – 93. [2] T. Mallon, Retarding action of gypsum plaster retarders of various chemical composition in relation to the pH value of the plaster, Zement-Kalk-Gips 41 (6) (1988) 200 – 201. [3] M. Singh, M. Garg, Retarding action of various chemicals on setting and hardening characteristics of gypsum plaster at different pH, Cement and Concrete Research 27 (6) (1997) 947 – 950. 4] A. M. Cody, R. D. Cody, Chiral habit modification of gypsum from epitaxial- like adsorption o f stereo specific growth inhibitors, Journal of Crystal Growth 113 (1991) 508 – 519. [5] S. Follner, A. Wolter, K. Hel ming, et al. , On the real structure of gypsum crystals, Crystal Research and Technology 37 (2,3) (2002) 207 – 218. [6] T. Koslowski, U. Ludwig, The effect of admixtures in the production and application of building plasters, ZKG International 52 (5) (1999) 274 – 285. [7] Wenhai Yue, Zhi Wang, Discussion on the mechanism of ? ypsum crystal transformation agent, Journal of Wuhan University of Technology 18 (2) (1996) 1 – 4. [8] Mou Guodong, A study on the phase-transformation of the bassanites during hydration, Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society 30 (4) (2002) 532 – 536. [9] Peng Jiahui, Qu Jindong, Wu Li, Zhang Jianxi, Effect of critic acid on crystalline habit and crystal morphology of dihydrate, Journal of Southeast University 34 (3) (2004) 356 – 360. 876 J. Li et al. / Materials Letters 61 (2007) 872 – 876

Assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar Essay Example For Students

Assassination of Gaius Julius Caesar Essay Assassination of Gaius Julius CaesarCaius Julius Caesar, a Roman consul, was a great leader and a terribledictator. Many of his reforms were excellent, but he also was hungry for the power ofRoman Dictator, which would give him absolute power for as long as he requiredit. Throughout his life he did many things including creating the calendar thatwe know today, advancing mathematics, and many other scholarly things. When hebecame dictator in 44 B.C., those in power knew he must be stopped, and so hewas assassinated. Caesar was born in 100 B.C., sometime in July. Around the age of 22,unable to gain a political position in the Forum, he went to Rhodes to studyrhetoric. There he became a priest and scholar. During the Next 20-30 years,Caesar became a triumvir (consisting of Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar), governor,and finally sole dictator of Rome. In 48 B.C. the Roman Senate gave Caesar the power of dictator for oneyear. During this time he defeated Pompey. In 45 B.C. the Senate made himconsul for ten years, but in 44 B.C. after winning his final victory andpacifying the Roman world, Caesar decided to became dictator for life. Thisprompted Gaius Cassius and Marcus Junius Brutus to plot an assassination topreserve the Roman Republic. On March 15, 44 B.C. Julius Caesar was killed inthe Senate house. The reason behind the assassination of Gauis Julius Caesar was veryclear. He just had too much power. Cassius and Brutus knew that if Caesarbecame the dictator he would destroy the Roman republic. Caesar knew that bybecoming the dictator he would have those who did not like him, so he inactedthe Sanctity of the Tribunes, which enabled him to be unharmed without direconsequences. When Caesar was killed, Rome became divided on who should havethe power. Eventually Octavius Augustus Caesar became sole emperor of Rome,and from there out Rome declined. Bibliography:1 Funk Wagnalls Corp. (1994). Caesar, Gaius Julius, Microsoft Encarta. 2 Perry, Marvin. (1988) A History of the World, Houghton MifflinCompany. 3 Concord Reference Books, Inc. The New American Desk Encyclocpedia,SignetClassics Nal Books